West Papua is one of the longest running independence movements in international politics. It is also one of the least known. For almost sixty years, the native Melanesian community has fought for independence from Indonesia. However, while the West Papua conflict is often thought of as a case of attempted secession, and is classed as such by most governments, it can also be thought of as a case of colonial self-determination.

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Although West New Guinea had been a part of the Dutch East Indies, it did not form a part of Indonesia when it became independent, in 1949. Instead it remained under the Netherlands, which argued that the Melanesian roots of the population meant it should have a separate right to statehood. However, over the following decade, the Indonesian Government exerted ever more pressure to have the territory put under its sovereignty. In the end, the Dutch capitulated. In 1962, the New York Agreement saw the creation of a temporary UN administration (UNTEA) over West New Guinea, or West Irian as it was also known, before it was passed on to Indonesia. As part of this agreement, a referendum was meant to have been held in 1969 to decide on whether West Papua would remain part of Indonesia or become independent. However, the eventual vote - the so-called Act of Free Choice - was deeply flawed. Despite this, the outcome was endorsed by the UN General Assembly. Since then, and against the backdrop of serious human rights abuses, West Papuan independence movement has campaigned and fought for another referendum. Although most of the world still regards the territory as part of Indonesia, it does seem that support is potentially growing.

CHAPTERS
0:00 Introduction and Titles
0:38 Secession, Self-Determination and West Papua
1:50 The Geography and Population of West Papua
2:47 The Historical Roots of the West Papua Dispute
4:25 How West Papua Became Part of Indonesia
6:02 West Papua under Indonesia Rule
7:35 The West Papua Independence Campaign since 2000
9:31 Emerging Tensions in West Papua
10:45 West Papua: Secession or Self-Determination?

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FURTHER READING & USEFUL SOURCES

New York Agreement (1962) https://undocs.org/pdf?symbol=en/A/5170
UN Resolution 2504 (XXIV) 1969 https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/657429?ln=en
United Liberation Movement for West Papua https://www.ulmwp.org
Free West Papua Campaign https://www.freewestpapua.org
Indonesia Ministry of Foreign Affairs https://kemlu.go.id/portal/en
The Road: Uprising in West Papua https://amzn.to/3xCoKTn
West Papua and Indonesia Since Suharto https://amzn.to/3xxajjf

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KEYWORDS

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The Dahomey Amazons were an all-female military regiment of the Kingdom of Dahomey which existed from the 1600s until 1904. They are one of the few documented female armies in modern history. Also known as the ‘Agojie’. They were although not a very humane group of people. Heavily involved in slave raids and the selling of peaceful captured Africans to the Atlantic Slave Raid.

The leader, King Ghezo refused to end the raids and sale of slaves when the British abolished slavery and slavery through the ports. They were notorious for ravaging peaceful villages, beheadings and thousands of custom sacrifices of captured people. The also hand many friendly dealings with Francisco Felix de Souza, (The Great Slave Trader) who was very close to King Ghezo.

The last known slave ship, Clotilda, that transported 115 slaves that was captured and sold by the Dahomey Kingdom to America.

Sources:
https://www.litnet.co.za/the-a....frican-library-barra
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dahomey_Amazons
https://www.smithsonianmag.com..../history/real-warrio
https://www.nationalgeographic.....com/history/article
https://www.historyvshollywood.....com/reelfaces/woman
http://encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/h-1403
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cudjoe_Lewis
https://www.smithsonianmag.com..../smithsonian-institu

A historic moment in our history, the Harlem Globetrotters earned back-to-back wins over the NBA champion Lakers in the late 1940s. It was a huge point in the Globetrotters being recognized as the world's best basketball team at the time.

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Ever heard of the petrodollar and wondered what it is? Why does the U.S. dollar dominate global trade? And why is oil almost always priced in USD? This video breaks down the petrodollar system, how it strengthens the U.S. economy through petrodollar recycling, and why BRICS countries are pushing for de-dollarization with alternatives like the petroyuan. But could the petrodollar collapse? And if it does, would the U.S. lose its status as a superpower?

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In a recent conversation with Sister Dr. Afiya Mbilishaka, Tariq Nasheed @Tariq Radio made a claim concerning the extent to which Omowale Malcolm X was 'rejected' by Afrikans on the continent, during his visits of 1964. The claim has been repeated so often, that I figured it was time to subject it to #ThePanAfrikanQuestion treatment.... Check it out.

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► Tariq Nasheed and Dr. Afiya Mbilishaka: Afrocentricity vs Foundational Black American: https://youtu.be/b6HlrGkf9gU

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► Memo to the OAU submitted by Malcolm X: https://www.panafricanperspective.com/mxatoau.html

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THE PAN-AFRIKAN QUESTION provides concise answers to popularly asked questions about Pan-Afrikanism. If you have a question that you think needs to be answered, drop in the it comments section & we'll do our best to drop some knowledge.

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